The Scottish Confession

First published in 1560

1. Of God

We confess and acknowledge one only God, to whom only we must cleave, whom only we must serve^a, whom only we must worship^b, and in whom only we put our trust^c. Who is eternal, infinite, immeasurable, incomprehensible, omnipotent, invisible, one in substance and yet distinct in three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost^d. By whom we confess and believe, all things in heaven and earth^e, as well visible as invisible, to have been created, to be retained in their being, and to be ruled and guided by His inscrutable providence, to such end as His eternal wisdom^f, goodness, and justice has appointed them to the manifestation of His own glory.

2. Of the Creation of Man

We confess and acknowledge this our God to have created man (to wit, our first father Adam) to His own image and similitude^a. To whom He gave wisdom, lordship, justice, free will, and clear knowledge of Himself. So that in the whole nature of man, there could be noted no imperfection. From which honor and perfection, man and woman did both fall^b, the woman being deceived by the Serpent, and man obeying the voice of the woman: both conspiring against the sovereign majesty of God, who in express words had before threatened death, if they presumed to eat of the forbidden tree.

a: Genesis 1-2
b: Genesis 3

3. Of Original Sin

By which transgression, commonly called original sin, was the image of God utterly defaced in man. And he and his posterity of nature became enemies to God, slaves to Satan, and servants to sin^a, that death everlasting has had, and insofar will have, power and domination over all that have not been, are not, or will not be regenerated from above^b. Which regeneration is wrought by the power of the Holy Ghost^c working in the hearts of the elect of God, an assured faith in the promises of God revealed to us in His Word, by which faith they apprehend Christ Jesus with the graces and benefits promised in Him.

4. Of the Revelation of the Promise

For this we constantly believe that God, after the fearful and horrible defection of man from His obedience, did seek Adam again, call upon him, rebuke his sin^a, convict him of the same, and in the end made unto him a most joyful promise: to wit, that the seed of the woman should break down the Serpent’s head, that is, He should destroy the works of the devil. Which promise, as it was repeated and made more clear from time to time^b, so was it embraced with joy and most constantly retained of all the faithful from Adam to Noah, from Noah to Abraham, from Abraham to David, and so forth to the incarnation of Christ Jesus. Who all (we mean the faithful fathers) under the Law did see the joyful days of Christ Jesus and did rejoice.

a: Genesis 3
b: Genesis 12, Genesis 15, Isaiah 7, Isaiah 8

5. The Continuance, Increase, and Preservation of the Kirk

We most constantly believe that God preserved, instructed, multiplied, honored, adorned^a, and from death called to life His kirk in all ages from Adam till the coming of Christ Jesus in the flesh. For Abraham, He called from his father’s country^b, him He instructed, his seed He multiplied^c, the same He marvelously preserved and more marvelously delivered from the bondage and tyranny of Pharaoh. To them He gave His laws^d, constitutions, and ceremonies. Them He possessed in the land of Canaan^e: to them, after judges and after Saul, He gave David to be king^f, to whom He made promise that of the fruit of his loins should one sit forever upon His regal seat. To this same people, from time to time, He sent prophets to reduce them to the right way of their God^g, from which oftentimes they declined by idolatry^h. And albeit that for their stubborn contempt of justice, He was compelled to give them into the hands of their enemies, as before was threatened by the mouth of Mosesⁱ, in so much that the holy city was destroyed, the temple burnt with fire, and the whole land left desolate the space of 70 years^j, yet of mercy did He lead them again to Jerusalem. Where the city and temple were rebuilt and they against all temptations and assaults of Satan did abide, till the Messiah came according to the promise.

a: Ezekiel 16
b: Genesis 12
c: Exodus 1-2, Exodus 13
d: Exodus 20
e: Joshua 1-3
f: 1 Samuel 16
g: 2 Kings 17
h: 2 Kings 7, 2 Kings 24-25
i: Deuteronomy 29
j: Jeremiah 39, Ezra 1, Haggai 1-2, Zechariah 3

6. Of the Incarnation of Christ Jesus

When the fullness of time came^a, God sent His Son, His eternal wisdom, the substance of His own glory, into this world, who took the nature of manhood of the substance of a woman, to wit, of a virgin, and that by operation of the Holy Ghost^b, and so was born the just seed of David, the angel of the great counsel of God, the very Messiah promised^c. Whom we acknowledge and confess, Immanuel, very God and very man, two perfect natures united and joined in one person. By which our confession, we condemn the damnable and pestilent heresies of Arius, Marcion, Eutyches, Nestorius, and such others, as either deny the eternity of His Godhead, or the verity of His human nature, or confounded them, or yet denied them.

7. Why It Behooved the Mediator to Be Very God and Very Man

We acknowledge and confess that this most wondrous conjunction between the Godhead and the manhood in Christ Jesus did proceed from the eternal and immutable decree of God, whence also our salvation springs and depends.

8. Election

For that same eternal God and Father, who of mere grace elected us in Christ Jesus His Son before the foundation of the world was laid^a, appointed Him to be our Head, our brother^b, our pastor, and great bishop of our souls^c. But because the enmity betwixt the justice of God and our sins was such that no flesh by itself could or might have attained unto God, it behooved that the Son of God should descend unto us and take Himself a body of our body, flesh of our flesh, and bones of our bones: and so become the perfect mediator betwixt God and man, giving power to so many as believe in Him to be the sons of God^d. As He Himself does witness, “I pass up to my Father and unto your Father, to my God and unto your God”^e. By which most holy fraternity, whatsoever we have lost in Adam is restored to us again. And for this cause are we not afraid to call God our Father, not so much that He has created us (which we have common with the reprobate) as for that, that He has given to us His only Son, to be our brother, and given unto us grace to acknowledge and embrace Him for our only mediator, as before was said. It behooved further the Messiah and Redeemer to be very God and very man because He was to undergo the punishment due for our transgressions^f, and to present Himself in the presence of His Father’s judgment as in our person to suffer for our transgression and disobedience by death, to overcome him that was author of death. But because the only Godhead could not suffer death, neither yet could the only manhood overcome the same, He joined both together in one person that the weakness of the one should suffer and be subject to death (which we had deserved), and the infinite and invincible power of the other, to wit, of the Godhead, should triumph and purchase to us life, liberty, and perpetual victory. And so we confess and most undoubtedly believe.

9. Christ’s Death, Passion, Burial, Etc.

That our Lord Jesus offered Himself a voluntary sacrifice unto His Father for us^a, that He suffered contradiction of sinners, that He was wounded and plagued for our transgressions^b, that He being the clean and innocent Lamb of God was damned in the presence of an earthly judge, that we should be absolved before the tribunal seat of our God. That He suffered not only the cruel death of the cross (which was accursed by the sentence of God [Deut. 21; Gal. 3]), but also that He suffered for a season the wrath of His Father, which sinners had deserved. But yet we avow that He remained the only well beloved and blessed Son of His Father, even in the midst of His anguish and torment which He suffered in body and soul to make that full satisfaction for the sins of His people^c. After which we confess and avow that there remains no other sacrifice for sin, which if any affirm, we nothing doubt to avow that they are blasphemous against Christ’s death and the everlasting purgation and satisfaction purchased to us by the same.

10. Resurrection

We undoubtedly believe that in as much as it was impossible that the sorrows of death should retain in bondage the author of life^a, that our Lord Jesus, crucified, died, and buried^b, who descended into hell, did rise again for our justification, and destroying him who was author of death brought life again unto us that were subject to death and to the bondage of the same. We know that His resurrection was confirmed by the testimony of His very enemies^c, by the resurrection of the dead whose sepulchers did open and they did arise and appeared to many within the city of Jerusalem^d. It was also confirmed by the testimony of angels and by the senses and judgments of His apostles and of others^e, who had conversation and did eat and drink with Him after His resurrection.

11. Ascension

We nothing doubt but that the same self body which was born of the virgin, was crucified, and buried, and which did rise again, did ascend into the heavens^a, for the accomplishment of all things where in our names and for our comfort, He has received all power in heaven and earth^b, where He sits at the right hand of the Father^c, inaugurating His kingdom, advocate and only mediator for us^d. Which glory, honor, and prerogative, He alone amongst the brethren will possess till all His enemies are made His footstool, as that we undoubtedly believe they will be in the final judgment: to the execution whereof we certainly believe that the same Lord Jesus will visibly return as He was seen to ascend^e. And then we firmly believe that the time of refreshing and restitution of all things will come^f, in so much that those who from the beginning have suffered violence, injury, and wrong for righteousness sake will inherit that blessed immortality promised from the beginning. But contrariwise the stubborn, disobedient, cruel oppressors, filthy persons, idolaters, and all sorts of unfaithful^g will be cast in the dungeon of utter darkness, where their worm will not die, neither yet their fire be extinguished. The remembrance of which day and of the judgment to be executed in the same is not only to us a bridle whereby our carnal lusts are restrained, but also such inestimable comfort that neither may the threatening of worldly princes, neither yet the fear of temporal death and present danger move us to renounce and forsake that blessed society which we the members have with our Head and only Mediator, Christ Jesus. Whom we confess and avow to be the Messiah promised, the only Head of His kirk, our just Lawgiver, our only High Priest, Advocate and Mediator^h. In which honors and offices, if man or angel presumes to intrude themselves, we utterly detest and abhor them as blasphemous to our sovereign and supreme governor Christ Jesus.

a: Acts 1
b: Matthew 28
c: 1 John 2
d: 1 Timothy 2, Psalm 110
e: Acts 1
f: John 19, Acts 3
g: Revelation 20, Isaiah 66
h: Isaiah 7, Colossians 1, Hebrews 6, Hebrews 10

12. Faith in the Holy Ghost

This our faith and the assurance of the same proceeds not from flesh and blood^a, that is to say, from no natural powers within us, but is the inspiration of the Holy Ghost^b, whom we confess God equal with the Father and with the Son, who sanctifies us and brings us in all verity by His own operation, without whom we should remain forever enemies to God and ignorant of His Son, Christ Jesus. For by nature we are so dead, so blind, and so perverse that neither can we feel when we are pricked, see the light when it shines, nor assent to the will of God when it is revealed, unless the Spirit of the Lord Jesus quicken that which is dead, remove the darkness from our minds, and bow our stubborn hearts to the obedience of His blessed will. And so as we confess that God the Father created us when we were not; as His Son our Lord Jesus redeemed us when we were enemies to Him^c; so also do we confess that the Holy Ghost does sanctify and regenerate us without all respect of any merit proceeding from us, be it before or be it after our regeneration. To speak this one thing, yet in more plain words, as we willingly spoil our selves of all honor and glory of our own creation and redemption, so do we also of our regeneration and sanctification, for of our selves we are not sufficient to think any good thought^d. But He who has begun the good work in us is only He that continues us in the same to the praise and glory of His undeserved grace.

13. The Cause of Good Works

So that the cause of good works we confess to be not our free will, but the Spirit of the Lord Jesus^a, who dwelling in our hearts by true faith brings forth such good works as God has prepared for us to walk in. For this we most boldly affirm, that it is blasphemy to say that Christ Jesus abides in the heart of those in whom is no spirit of sanctification. And, therefore, we fear not to affirm that murderers, oppressors, cruel persecutors, adulterers, whoremongers, filthy persons, idolaters, drunkards, thieves, and all workers of iniquity have neither true faith nor any portion of the Spirit of the Lord Jesus so long as they obstinately continue in their wickedness. For how soon that ever the Spirit of the Lord Jesus (which God’s elect children receive by true faith) takes possession in the heart of any man, so soon does He regenerate and renew the same man so that he begins to hate that which before he loved and begins to love that which before he hated. And from thence comes that continual battle which is betwixt the flesh and the spirit in God’s children. While flesh and the natural man (according to their own corruption) lusts for things pleasing and delectable unto the self^b, grudges in adversity, is lifted up in prosperity, and at every moment is prone and ready to offend the majesty of God. But the Spirit of God, who gives witness to our spirit that we are the sons of God^c, makes us to resist the devil, to abhor filthy pleasures, to groan in God’s presence for deliverance from this bondage of corruption, and finally to triumph over sin that it reign not in our mortal bodies. This battle has not the carnal man being destitute of God’s Spirit: but do follow and obey sin with greediness and without repentance, even as the devil and their corrupt lusts do prick them. But the sons of God (as was before said), do fight against sin, do sob and mourn when they perceive themselves tempted to iniquity; and if they fall, they rise again with earnest and unfeigned repentance, and these things they do not by their own power, but by the power of the Lord Jesus without whom they were able to do nothing^d.

14. What Works are Reputed Good before God

We confess and acknowledge that God has given to man His holy law^a in which not only are forbidden all such works as displease and offend His godly majesty, but also are commanded all such as please Him and as He has promised to reward. And these works be of two sorts. The one are done to the honor of God; the other to the profit of our neighbors; and both have the revealed will of God for their assurance. To have one God, to worship and honor Him, to call upon Him in all our troubles, reverence His holy name, to hear His Word, to believe the same, to communicate with His holy sacraments are the works of the first table. To honor father and mother^b, princes, rulers and superior powers^c, to love them, to support them, yes to obey their charges (not repugnant to the commandments of God), to save the lives of innocents^d, to repress tyranny^e, to defend the oppressed^f, to keep our bodies clean and holy^g, to live in sobriety and temperance^h, to deal justly with all men both in word and deed, and finally to repress all appetite of our neighbor’s hurt, are the good works of the second table which are most pleasing and acceptable unto God as those works that are commanded by Himself. The contrary of which is sin most odious which always displeases Him and provokes Him to angerⁱ. As not to call upon Him alone when we have need, not to hear His Word with reverence, to condemn and despise it, to have or to worship idols, to maintain and defend idolatry, lightly to esteem the revered name of God, to profane, abuse, or condemn the sacraments of Christ Jesus, to disobey or resist any that God has placed in authority (while they pass not over the bounds of their office)^j, to murder, to consent thereto, to bear hatred or to suffer innocent blood to be shed, if we may withstand it^k, and finally the transgression of any other commandment in the first or second table, we confess and affirm to be sin by which God’s hot displeasure is kindled against the proud and unthankful world.

15. The Perfection of the Law and Imperfection of Man

The Law of God we confess and acknowledge most just, most equal, most holy, and most perfect^a, commanding those things which being wrought in perfection were able to give life and to bring man to eternal felicity^b. But our nature is so corrupt, so weak, and so imperfect^c that we are never able to fulfill the works of the Law in perfection. Yes, if we say we have no sin (even after we are regenerate)^d, we deceive ourselves and the verity of God is not in us. And, therefore, it behooves us to apprehend Christ Jesus with His justice and satisfaction, who is the end and accomplishment of the Law^e, by whom we are set at this liberty^f that the curse and malediction of the Law^g fall not upon us, albeit we fulfill not the same in all points^h. For God the Father beholding us in the body of His Son Christ Jesus, accepts our imperfect obedience as it were perfect, and covers our works, which are defiled with many spots, with the justice of His Son. We do not mean that we are set so at liberty that we owe no obedience to the Law (for that before we have plainly confessed). But this we affirm that no man in earth (Christ Jesus only excepted) has given, gives, or will give in work that obedience to the Law which the Law requiresⁱ. But when we have done all things, we must fall down and unfeignedly confess that we are unprofitable servants. And, therefore, whosoever boast themselves of the merits of their own works or put their trust in the works of supererogation boast themselves of that which is not, and put their trust in damnable idolatry.

16. Of the Kirk

As we believe in one God, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, so we must constantly believe that from the beginning there has been, now is and to the end of the world will be^a, a kirk, that is to say, one company and multitude of men chosen of God^b, who rightly worship and embrace Him by true faith in Christ Jesus, who is the only head of the same kirk, which also is the body and spouse of Christ Jesus^c. Which kirk is catholic, that is universal, because it contains the elect of all ages, all realms, nations, and tongues^d be they of the Jews or be they of the Gentiles; who have communion and society with God the Father and with His Son Christ Jesus, through the sanctification of His Holy Spirit, and, therefore, is it called the communion (not of profane persons) but of saints, who as citizens of the heavenly Jerusalem^e have the fruition of the most inestimable benefits, to wit, of one God, one Lord Jesus, one faith, and of one baptism, out of which kirk there is neither life nor eternal felicity. And, therefore, we utterly abhor the blasphemy of those that affirm that men, who live according to equity and justice, will be saved whatsoever religion they have professed. For as without Christ Jesus there is neither life nor salvation, so will none be participant thereof, but such as the Father has given unto His Son Christ Jesus^f, and those in time come unto Him, avow His doctrine and believe in Him (we comprehend the children with the faithful parents). This kirk is invisible, known only to God who alone knows it, whom He has chosen, and comprehends as well (as is said) the elect that be departed (commonly called the kirk triumphant) as those that yet live and fight against sin and Satan as will live hereafter.

17. The Immortality of the Soul

The elect departed are in peace and rest from their labors^a, not that they will sleep and come to any certain oblivion (as some fanatics do affirm), but they are delivered from all fear, all torment, and all temptation to which we and all God’s elect are subject in this life^b, and, therefore, do bear the name of the kirk militant. As contrariwise the reprobate and unfaithful departed have anguish, torment, and pain that cannot be expressed. So that neither are the one nor the other in such sleep that they feel not joy or torment as the parable of Christ in the sixteenth of Luke, His words to the thief and these words of the souls crying under the altar, “O Lord thou that are righteous and just, how long will thou not revenge our blood upon those that dwell on the earth?”

a: Revelation 14
b: Revelation 7

18. Of the Notes by Which the True Kirk is Discerned from the False

Because that Satan from the beginning has labored to deck his pestilent synagogue with the title of the kirk of God and has inflamed the hearts of cruel murderers to persecute, trouble and molest the true kirk and members thereof, as Cain did Abel, Ishmael Isaac, Esau Jacob^a, and the whole priesthood of the Jews, Christ Jesus Himself and His apostles after Him^b, it is one thing most requisite that the true kirk be discerned from the filthy synagogue by clear and perfect notes, lest we being deceived receive and embrace to our own condemnation the one for the other. The notes, signs, and assured tokens by which the immaculate spouse of Christ Jesus is known from that horrible harlot, the kirk malignant, we affirm are neither antiquity, title usurped, lineal descent, place appointed, nor multitude of men approving any error. For Cain in age and title was preferred to Abel and Seth. Jerusalem had prerogative above all places of the earth, where also were the priests lineally descended from Aaron, and a greater multitude followed the scribes and Pharisees and priests than unfeignedly believed and approved Christ Jesus and His doctrine. And yet as we suppose no man (of whole judgment) will grant that any of the forenamed were the kirk of God. The notes, therefore, of the true kirk of God, we believe, confess and avow to be first, the true preaching of the Word of God, in which God has revealed Himself to us^c as the writings of the prophets and apostles do declare. Secondly, the right administration of the sacraments of Christ Jesus must be annexed unto the Word and promises of God to seal and confirm the same in our hearts. Last, ecclesiastical discipline^d, uprightly ministered as God’s Word prescribes whereby vice is reproved and virtue nourished^e. Wheresoever then these former notes are seen and of any time continue (be the number never so few, about two or three), there without all doubt is the true kirk of Christ, who according to His promise is in the midst of them: not that universal (of which we have before spoken) but particular, such as was in Corinth, Galatia, Ephesus, and other places^f in which the ministry was planted by Paul and were of himself named the kirks of God. And such kirks we the inhabitants of the realm of Scotland, professors of Christ Jesus, confess ourselves to have in our cities, towns, and places reformed. For the doctrine taught in our kirks is contained in the written Word of God, to wit, in the books of the New and Old Testaments. In those books we mean which of the ancient have been reputed canonical in the which we affirm that all things necessary to be believed for the salvation of mankind is sufficiently expressed^f, the interpretation whereof we confess neither appertains to private nor public persons, neither yet to any kirk for any preeminence or prerogative personal or local which one has above another, but appertains to the Spirit of God by which also the Scripture was written. When controversy then happens, for the right understanding of any place or sentence of Scripture or for the reformation of any abuse within the kirk of God, we ought not so much to look at what men before us have said or done, as unto that which the Holy Ghost uniformly speaks within the body of the Scriptures, and unto that which Christ Jesus Himself did and commanded to be done^g. For this is a thing universally granted, that the Spirit of God (which is the spirit of unity) is in nothing contrary unto Himself. If then the interpretation, determination or sentence of any doctor, kirk or council, repugnant to the plain Word of God written in any other place of Scripture, it is a thing most certain that there is not the true understanding and meaning of the Holy Ghost, supposing that councils, realms, and nations have approved and received the same. For we dare not receive nor admit any interpretation which is directly repugnant to any principal point of our faith, to any other plain text of Scripture or yet unto the rule of charity.

a: Genesis 4, Genesis 21, Genesis 27
b: Matthew 23, John 11, Acts 3
c: John 1, John 10
d: Romans 4
e: 1 Corinthians 5, Acts 16, Acts 18, 1 Corinthians 1, Acts 20
f: John 21
g: 1 Corinthians 11

19. The Authority of the Scriptures

As we believe and confess the Scriptures of God sufficient to instruct and make the man of God perfect^a, so do we affirm and avow the authority of the same to be of God and neither to depend on men nor angels. We affirm, therefore, that such as allege the Scripture to have no authority but that which it receives from the kirk, to be blasphemous against God and injurious to the true kirk which always hears and obeys the voice of her own spouse and pastor^b, but takes not upon her to be mistress over the same.

a: 2 Timothy 3
b: John 10

20. Of General Councils

As we do not rashly damn that which godly men assembled together in general councils lawfully gathered have propounded unto us, so without just examination dare we not receive whatsoever is forced upon men under the name of general councils. For plain it is that as they were men so have some of them manifestly erred and that in matters of great weight and importance. So far then as the council proves the determination and commandment that it gives by the plain Word of God, so far do we reverence and embrace the same. But if men under the name of a council pretend to forge unto us new articles of our faith or to make constitutions repugnant to the Word of God, then utterly we must refuse the same as the doctrine of devils which draw our souls from the voice of our only God to follow the doctrines and constitutions of men^a. The cause then why general councils convened was neither to make any perpetual law (which God before had not made) neither yet to forge new articles of our belief, neither to give the Word of God authority, much less to make that to be His Word or yet the true interpretation of the same which was not before by His holy will expressed in His Word. But the cause of councils (we mean of such as merit the name of councils) was partly for confutation of heresies and for giving public confession of their faith to the posterity following which both they did by the authority of God’s written Word and not by any opinion or prerogative that they could not err by reason of their general assembly. And this we judge to have been the chief cause of general councils. The other was for good policy and order to be constituted and observed in the kirk, in which (as in the house of God) it becomes all things to be done decently and in order^b. Not that we think that one policy and one order in ceremonies can be appointed for all ages, times, and places: for as ceremonies (such as man has devised) are but temporal so may and ought they to be changed when they rather foster superstition than that they edify the kirk using the same.

a: 1 Timothy 4
b: 1 Corinthians 14

21. Of the Sacraments

As the fathers under the Law (besides the verity of the sacrifices) had two chief sacraments, to wit, circumcision and the Passover, the despisers and contemners whereof were not reputed for God’s people^a, so we do acknowledge and confess that we now in the time of the gospel have two sacraments only, instituted by the Lord Jesus and commanded to be used of all those that will be reputed members of His body^b, to wit, baptism and the Supper or table of the Lord Jesus called the communion of His body and blood. And these sacraments (as well of the Old as of the New Testament) were instituted of God, not only to make a visible difference betwixt His people and those that were without His league, but also to exercise the faith of His children and by participation of the same sacraments to seal in their hearts the assurance of His promises and of that most blessed conjunction, union and society which the elect have with their head, Christ Jesus. And thus we utterly damn the vanity of those that affirm sacraments to be nothing else but naked and bare signs^c. No, we assuredly believe that by baptism we are engrafted in Christ Jesus to be made partakers of His justice by which our sins are covered and remitted^d. And also that in the Supper rightly used, Christ Jesus is so joined with us^e that He becomes the very nourishment and food of our souls. Not that we imagine any transubstantiation of bread in Christ’s natural body and of wine in His natural blood (as the papists have perniciously taught and damnably believe), but this union and conjunction which we have with the body and blood of Christ Jesus in the right use of the sacraments is wrought by operation of the Holy Ghost, who by true faith carries us above all things that are visible, carnal, and earthly, and makes us to feed upon the body and blood of Christ Jesus which was once broken and shed for us which now is in heaven^f and appears in the presence of His Father for us; and yet notwithstanding the far distance of the place which is betwixt His body now glorified in heaven and us now mortal in this earth, yet we most assuredly believe that the bread that we break is the communion of Christ’s body^g, and the cup which we bless is the communion of His blood. So that we confess and undoubtedly believe that the faithful, in the right use of the Lord’s table do so eat the body and drink the blood of the Lord Jesus^h that He remains in them and they in Him, yes that they are so made flesh of His flesh and bone of His bones that as the eternal Godhead has given to the flesh of Christ Jesus (which of its own condition and nature was mortal and corruptible) life and immortalityⁱ, so does Christ Jesus, His flesh and blood eaten and drunk by us, give to us the same prerogatives^j. Which albeit we confess are neither given unto us at that only time neither yet by the proper power and virtue of the sacrament only, yet we affirm that the faithful in the right use of the Lord’s table have such conjunction with Christ Jesus as the natural man can not apprehend. Yes and farther we affirm that albeit the faithful oppressed by negligence and manly infirmity do not profit so much as they would in the very instant action of the Supper, yet will it after bring forth fruit as lively seed sown in good ground. For the Holy Spirit (which can never be divided from the right institution of the Lord Jesus) will not frustrate the faithful of the fruit of that mystical action, but all this we say comes by true faith which apprehends Christ Jesus who only makes His sacrament effectual unto us. And, therefore, whosoever slanders us, as that we affirmed or believed sacraments to be only naked and bare signs, do injury unto us and speak against a manifest truth. But this liberally and frankly we must confess, that we make a distinction betwixt Christ Jesus in His natural substance and betwixt the elements in the sacramental signs. So that we will neither worship the signs in place of that which is signified by them, neither yet do we despise and interpret them as unprofitable and vain, but do use them with all reverence, examining ourselves diligently before, that so we do because we are assured by the mouth of the apostle that such as eat of the bread and drink of that cup unworthily are guilty of the body and blood of the Lord Jesus^k.

22. Of the Right Administration of the Sacraments

That sacraments be rightly ministered, we judge two things requisite: the one, that they be ministered by lawful ministers whom we affirm to be only they that are appointed to the preaching of the Word or unto whose mouths God has put some sermon of exhortation, they being men lawfully chosen thereto by some kirk. The other, that they be ministered in such elements and in such sort as God has appointed. Else we affirm that they cease to be right sacraments of Christ Jesus. And therefore it is that we flee the society with the papistical kirk in participation of their sacraments. First, because their ministers are not ministers of Christ Jesus^a; (yes, which is more horrible) they suffer women, whom the Holy Ghost will not suffer, to teach in the congregation [and] to baptize. And secondly, because they have so adulterated both the one sacrament and the other with their own inventions that no part of Christ’s action abides in the original purity. For oil, salt, spittle, and such like in baptism are but men’s inventions, adoration, veneration, bearing through streets and towns and keeping of bread in boxes or buists [small boxes] are profanation of Christ’s sacraments and no use of the same. For Christ Jesus said, “Take and eat. Do ye this in remembrance of me”^b. By which words and charge He sanctified bread and wine to be the sacrament of His body and blood to the end that the one should be eaten and that all should drink of the other; and not that they should be kept to be worshipped and honored as God, as the papists have done heretofore, who also have committed sacrilege, stealing from the people the one part of the sacrament, to wit, the blessed cup. Moreover that the sacraments are rightly used, it is requisite that the end and cause why the sacraments were instituted be understood and observed, as well of the minister as the receivers. For if the opinion be changed in the receiver, the right use ceases which is most evident by the rejection of the sacrifices as also if the teacher plainly teaches false doctrine^c, which were odious and abominable unto God (albeit they were His own ordinance) because that wicked men used them to one other end than God had ordained. The same affirm we of the sacraments^e in the papistical kirk in which we affirm the whole action of the Lord Jesus to be adulterated, as well in the external form as in the end and opinion. What Christ Jesus did and commanded to be done is evident by three evangelists^f and by St. Paul^g. What the priest does at his altar we need not rehearse. The end and cause of Christ’s institution and why the selfsame should be used is expressed in these words: “Do ye this in remembrance of Me. As often as ever ye will eat of this bread and drink of this cup, ye will show forth (that is, extol, preach, magnify, and praise) the Lord’s death till He come.” But to what end and in what opinion the priests say their Masses, let the words of the same, their own doctors and writings witness. To wit, that they as mediators betwixt Christ and His kirk do offer unto God the Father a sacrifice propitiatory for the sins of the quick and the dead. Which doctrine as blasphemous to Christ Jesus and making derogation to the sufficiency of His only sacrifice once offered for purgation of all those that will be sanctified, we utterly abhor, detest, and renounce.

23. To Whom Sacraments Appertain

We confess and acknowledge that baptism appertains as well to the infants of the faithful as unto those that be of age and discretion. And so we damn the error of Anabaptists who deny baptism to appertain to children before they have faith and understanding. But the Supper of the Lord, we confess to appertain to such only as be of the household of faith, can try and examine themselves as well in their faith as in their duty towards their neighbors. Such as eat and drink at that holy table without faith or being at dissension and disunion with their brethren do eat unworthily. And, therefore, it is that in our kirks our ministers take public and particular examination of the knowledge and conversation of such as are to be admitted to the table of the Lord Jesus.

24. Of the Civil Magistrate

We confess and acknowledge empires, kingdoms, dominions, and cities to be distinguished and ordered by God^a, the powers and authority in the same (be it of emperors in their empires, of kings in their realms, dukes, and princes in their dominions or of other magistrates in free cities) to be God’s holy ordinance^b ordained for manifestation of His own glory and for the singular profit and commodity of mankind. So that whosoever goes about to take away or to confound the whole state of civil policies now long established, we affirm the same men not only to be enemies to mankind, but also wickedly to fight against God’s expressed will.

a: Daniel 1-2, Ezra 1
b: Romans 13

25. The Gifts Freely Given to the Church

Albeit that the Word of God truly preached, the sacraments rightly ministered and discipline executed according to the Word of God, be the certain and infallible signs of the true kirk, yet do we not so mean that every particular person joined with such a company is an elect member of Christ Jesus. For we acknowledge and confess that darnel, cockle, and chaff may be sown, grow and in great abundance lie in the midst of the wheat^a, that is, the reprobate may be joined in the society of the elect and may externally use with them the benefits of the Word and sacraments; but such being but temporal professors in mouth, but not in heart, do fall back and continue not to the end. And, therefore, have they no fruit of Christ’s death, resurrection, nor ascension; but such as whose heart unfeignedly believe^b and whose mouth boldly confess the Lord Jesus (as before we have said) will most assuredly receive these gifts first in this life, remission of sins, and that by only faith in Christ’s blood^c, in so much that albeit sin remains and continually abides in these our mortal bodies, yet is it not imputed unto us, but is remitted and covered with Christ’s justice. Secondarily, in the general judgment there will be given to every man and woman resurrection of the flesh^d; for the sea will give up her dead, the earth those that therein be enclosed: yes, our eternal God will stretch out His hand upon the dust and the dead will arise incorruptible and that in the substance of the self same flesh that every man now bears, to receive according to their works, glory, or punishment^e. For such as now dealt in vanity, cruelty, filthiness, superstition, or idolatry will be adjudged to that fire inextinguishable in which they will be committed for ever^f, as well in their own bodies as in their souls which now they give to serve the devil in all abomination. But such as continue in well doing to the end, boldly professing the Lord Jesus, who constantly believe that they will receive glory, honor, and immortality to reign forever in life everlasting with Christ Jesus, to whose glorified body all His elect will be made like^g, when He will appear again to judgment and will render up the kingdom to God His Father, who then will be and ever will remain all in all things^h, God blessed forever. To whom with the Son and with the Holy Ghost be all honor and glory, now and ever.

a: Matthew 3, Matthew 13
b: Romans 10
c: John 3, Romans 3-5, Romans 8
d: Isaiah 66, Daniel 12, 1 Corinthians 15, Job 19
e: Romans 2
f: Revelation 20-21
g: 1 John 5
h: 1 Corinthians 15

26. Finis

Arise, O Lord, and let Thy enemies be confounded, let them flee from Thy presence that hate Thy godly name. Give thy servants strength to speak Thy word in boldness, and let all nations attain to Thy true knowledge. So be it.

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